Elephants in the Bible. Please help us create teaching materials on Mesopotamia (including several complete lessons with worksheets, activities, answers, essay questions, and more), which will be free to download for teachers all over the world. ", Lunsingh Scheurleer, R.A. "Elephants in Faience. Oct 7, 2019 - Explore Mark Domenico's board "War elephant" on Pinterest. When Ptolemy (c. 367-282 BCE), the appointed governor of Egypt, transferred said funerary cortege to Memphis, the Macedonian regent Perdiccas retaliated by invading Egypt with the royal army, including elephants (c. 321/0 BCE). The Romans ⦠We were the first major power to field elephants on a large scale on battlefield. u (âelephantâ) (compare Tahaggart Tamahaq êlu, Tamasheq alu) or Egyptian ê£bw (âelephant; ivoryâ). Troops became more mobiIe, siege-craft became just as common as open battles, and artillery came to the fore. Roman Mosaic Showing the Transport of an Elephantby Carole Raddato (CC BY-SA). The third attribute, the aegis belonged to Zeus, who presented it to Athena, who in turn is commonly depicted wearing the fleece. One of the most precious artifacts among the Boscoreale treasure discovered in 1895 CE (now in the Louvre) – and perhaps one of the most beautiful works of ancient art – is a silver emblema dish with an allegorical portrait attributed to Cleopatra Selene (40-5 BCE), the daughter of Cleopatra and Mark Antony. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Elephants were dressed for battle in armour which protected their heads and sometimes front. Pits and spikes were prepared to entrap them and, if they could get close enough, men were charged with hamstringing the beasts or hacking at their trunks. Please support Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation. He issued punch-marked silver coins with religious symbols featuring an elephant and a bull, the sun and a tree on a hill, as well as the chakra (a “disc” referring to a Tantric nerve nexus). See more ideas about war elephant, ancient warfare, ancient war. Diodorus related that Indian elephants were outfitted to strike terror in warfare against the invading Assyrian queen Semiramis. It was the first time that the inhabitants of the Italian peninsula had ever seen elephants. Then there was the problem of transporting them to where they were needed, although famously, the Carthaginian general Hannibal managed to get at least some of his 37 elephants across the Alps and into Italy in 218 BCE. Tossing, ripping, and crushing the enemy, elephants were used to cause havoc with any defensive fieldworks and fortifications too. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. After his coronation in Memphis, the priest at Siwah confirmed that Alexander was recognized as the son of god. After the death of her parents, Octavian brought her to Rome and subsequently married her to King Juba II of Numidia, son of Juba I. The Macedonian army, nevertheless, refrained from advancing into the Ganges Valley – as they received information not only about the vastness of the country but also the alleged strength of its forces (including at least 3000 elephants). Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. His son, Ptolemy Ceraunus, who was passed over for the succession, imitated his father’s coinage when he claimed the succession over Lysimachus’ kingship. (Job 40:15-24.) At an average height of 2.5 metres, weighing around 5 tonnes, and trotting up to 16 km/h (10mph), they could be tremendously effective wrecking machines. Related Content Ancient History Encyclopedia. Are there peacocks and elephants in Ancient Greece (4000 BC)? As the ancient historian Ammianus Marcellinus put it, "the human mind can conceive nothing more terrible than their noise and huge bodies" (Anglim, 132). Many of Alexander’s successors went one step further and employed them in battle proper. His special interests include pottery, architecture, world mythology and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share in common. We may take as a clue from the ancient notion that fear, like panic, was divinely inspired, and that elephants should first of all be interpreted as religious symbols – even in warfare. Farther along the campaign, another 125-150 elephants were obtained in the Indus Valley as a gift of a local prince and through hunting. Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu, is a princely hero. The first classical author to write about elephants, Herodotus, mentioned them among various more or less fabulous creatures and wild beasts, such as lions, bears, snakes, serpents, unicorns, dog-headed men, headless men, and savages. Last modified May 20, 2019. Elephants in Hellenistic History & Art. The damage an elephant - let alone several hundred - could inflict was enormous, but first the beast had to be compelled to fight. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. On many Hellenistic-style coins, signet rings and seal stones from Graeco-Bactria and Graeco-India elephants are depicted – a tradition that dates back to Harappan stamps-seals from the 3rd and 2nd millennium BCE. Indeed, the Seleucid Empire made sure to exclusively control the traffic in Asian elephants. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. Seleukos I Nikator famously swapped parts of his eastern empire to gain 500 elephants from Indian emperor Chandragupta in 305 BCE. “wild beast”), likened to bulls, with ribs made of bronze and a spine of cast iron. A thick sacking or leather cover could also be hung over the elephant’s back to protect its sides. Ever since the Stone Age, when elephants were represented by ancient petroglyphs and cave art, they have been portrayed in various forms of art, including pictures, sculptures, music, film, and even architecture. There are, furthermore, evident religious connections and influences between elephants and Hindu deities. Firstly, both soldiers and cavalry horses were trained to get used to the sight, smell, and sounds of elephants. Incidentally, Eleazar Maccabaeus was crushed by a Seleucid elephant, after piercing it with his spear at the Battle of Beth Zechariah in 162 BCE. Pyrrhus of Epirus was the first commander to employ elephants in Europe when he used 20 Asian ones in his campaigns in Italy and Sicily from 280 to 275 BCE. Ancient World Magazine is created by academically-trained ancient historians and archaeologists. Still, their symbolic importance for Carthage is expressed on a series of Hannibal’s coinage, which depict a cloaked rider with a goad in his hand, but no turret. Found 3 sentences matching phrase "elephant".Found in 0 ms. There Pyrrhus gained notable victories against the Romans in the battles of Heraclea (280 BCE) and Asculum (279 BCE). The riders were seven: two carried hooks, two were archers, two were swordsmen, and the last one had a lance and a banner. Elephants even appeared on Carthaginian coins of the period. Oppen, B. V. (2019, May 20). Books Detail of Roman Sarcophagus with an Elephantby Carole Raddato (CC BY-SA). Ancient History Encyclopedia, 20 May 2019. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/article/876/. In 275 BCE, in a battle known as the ‘Elephant Victory’, Antigonus Gonatas, although outnumbered, used 16 elephants to terrify an army of Gauls into retreat. This latter eventuality was, in part, avoided by the stationing of a small team of infantry to protect the elephant’s legs. It was typically occupied by up to four javelin or missile throwers. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. The combination of these three attributes remains poorly understood, although the portrait as a whole makes little sense from a classical Graeco-Macedonian perspective. Therefore, the claim that the ancients set fire to pigs in order to cause panic among enemy elephants does seem to have an element of plausibility, although it should be pointed out that, despite Nossovâs claim (2008, p. 25), it is uncertain that the Romans themselves actually used fire. In the search for ever more impressive and lethal weapons to shock the enemy and bring total victory the armies of ancient Greece, Carthage, and even sometimes Rome turned to the elephant. Ancient History Encyclopedia. According to Plutarch, 475 elephants took part in the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE during the Successor Wars. The Asian elephant became known in Europe following the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE and contact with the Mauryan Empire of India. The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World (1974). Ancient History Encyclopedia. This meant that military commanders went out of their way to supplement their armies with elephants. John M. Kistler, War Elephants (London, 2006) Adrienne Mayor, Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World (New York, 2003) H. H. Scullard, The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World (London, 1974) For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Thus its categorization was further complicated by the fact that an army, which deployed elephants might consider them allies, while the opposing army would consider them adversaries. The armies of the Antigonids and Ptolemies also fielded Asian elephants, although generally in much smaller numbers. Next, the ram’s horn that encircles Alexander’s temple is understood to be an attribute of Ammon, the Libyan oracular deity, whose cult lies in the desert oasis of Siwah. Most war elephants deployed in the Hellenistic period derived from India. Ancient Warfare and the Worldâs First War Elephants. Seleucid coinage regularly propagates the symbolic military importance of elephants as an expression of their power. The former had 73 African elephants against the latter’s 102 Asian elephants. Alexander’s elephant headdress is generally understood as an emblem of his victory over Porus. Pyrrhus (/ Ë p ɪr É s /; Ancient Greek: Î ÏÏÏοÏ, Pyrrhos; 319/318â272 BC) was a Greek king and statesman of the Hellenistic period. This was especially so as Roman warfare developed. Elephants, being only available from Africa or Asia, were expensive commodities to acquire for Mediterranean powers. The king commemorated his victory by sacrificing four of his enemy’s elephants. Sword blades or iron points were added to the tusks and bells hung from the body to create as much noise as possible. Even more famously, at the Battle of Zuma in 202 BCE, the Roman general Scipio Africanus allowed Hannibal’s 80 elephants to run through gaps purposely made in his infantry lines and then turned the animals around using drums and trumpets to let them cause havoc with the enemy. Web. (1-Macc. Some people might wonder why the world is still so hung up on ancient Greek myths when they are nothing but stories and they came from thousands of years ago. on Pinterest. Indra, however, is the son of Dyaus PitrÄ (“Sky Father”), which parallels Zeus Pater and Jupiter. Submitted by Branko van Oppen, published on 20 May 2019 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This was at the Battle of Raphia (on the Sinai peninsula) in 217 BCE between Ptolemy IV and Antiochus III. - Animal Life in the Scriptures Ancient Elephant. Ammon was identified both with Zeus and Amun-Ra, the supreme creator god. In 275 BCE, in a battle known as the âElephant Victoryâ, Antigonus Gonatas, although outnumbered, used 16 elephants to terrify an army of Gauls into retreat. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2020) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Alexander & Porusby The Trustees of the British Museum (Copyright). This association might be compared with the aegis, which served the apotropaic function of warding off evil forces and was itself connected with divine protection and military defense. Cavalry horses, especially, are frightened even of their smell. Once the devastating sight of war elephants became a more common one on the ancient battlefield so their effectiveness diminished as the enemy became more prepared and better equipped to deal with them. Books Due to the Roman focus on infantry and its discipline, war elephants were rarely used. The Pyrrhic campaign inspired the Carthaginians to acquire war elephants by the time of the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE). Then they obviously provided large targets for artillery fire. Despite the cost and difficulties, and because in antiquity the evolution in weaponry was extremely slow, the attraction of such large animals trampling all over the enemy remained. The trunk appears to curl as if in prayer in a manner resembling an upright cobra (uraeus). Strabo mentioned elephants about 50 times: citing Onesicritus that elephants could live for up to 500 years; Megasthenes who claimed to have seen elephants in a Bacchic chase; and Artemidorus who described elephants in Ethiopia along with sphinxes and dragons. Triumph of Fameby Metropolitan Museum of Art (Copyright). Early use of elephants in battle by Alexander’s successors involved only a rider (mahout) and perhaps a spearman. Even later authors could be quoted to confirm that in classical Greek and Latin literature, elephants belong to the same order of fierce and frightful fabulous monsters as the martichora, unicorn, griffon, sphinx, dragon, and hippocamp. In the search for ever more impressive and lethal weapons to shock the enemy and bring total victory the armies of ancient Greece, Carthage, and even sometimes Rome turned to the elephant. Elephants were initially used for agricultural purposes. For, after the latter’s death at the Battle of Corupedium (280 BCE), Ceraunus had first joined Seleucus, then murdered him as avenger of Lysimachus' death, and issued gold staters with the portrait of Alexander on the obverse and Athena Nikephorus on the reverse along with smaller symbols such as an elephant and a lion’s head. Unfortunately, impressive though they must have seemed on the battlefield, the cost of acquiring, training, and transporting these creatures, along with their wild unpredictability in the heat of battle, meant that they were used only briefly and not particularly effectively in Mediterranean warfare. Even the ram’s horn – derived from the god Ammon of Siwah, and Amun-Ra of Memphis – acts to instill terror. In ancient Carthage, elephants were sometimes given copious quantities of wine to drink - elephants enjoy alcohol - and then their legs were prodded with red-hot irons. Of particular importance is the combination of the elephant scalp with a ram’s horn over his temple and the aegis (a sacred goat’s fleece) thrown over his shoulder. In other words, Alexander’s posthumous portraiture presents him as the rightful ruler over these cultures and the known world. In the ancient world, moreover, the elephant was also utilized as a machine of war. Furthermore, the scalp is worn over the head as Heracles wore the scalp of the Nemean Lion. Mark is a history writer based in Italy. Ancient authors recognized Heracles in an unspecified Hindu deity and the identification remains unsettled among modern scholars. In antiquity, two elephants were known â the Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus) and the African Forest elephant ( Loxodonta cyclotis). The snakes may also refer to the uraeus (upright cobra) or the serpents coiling around the head of Medusa. Ceraunus famously died on the back of an elephant against the Galatians entering the Greek peninsula from across the Balkans (279 BCE). On an early 16th-century Flemish tapestry (now in New York) the personification of Fame stands in a chariot drawn by two white elephants as they trample death and fate. Last modified March 16, 2016. Ancient History Encyclopedia. The religious association of the elephant with victory and power is therefore obvious. Incidentally, Indra, like Zeus and even Alexander the Great, wields the thunderbolt. Seleucus I (c. 358-281 BCE) is said to have obtained 400-500 which he employed against Antigonus I and Lysimachus but then they are never heard of again. The frightful Shiva, also understood as an emanation of Indra, is a destroyer, the slayer of demons. Alexander was believed to be descended from Heracles, the son of Zeus. Nor were elephants any help to the senatorial armies of Scipio and Cato that faced Julius Caesar in North Africa at the Battle of Thapsus in 46 BCE. Sure, everyone is familiar with the North American Mastodon and the Woolly Mammothâbut how much do you know about the ancestral pachyderms of the Mesozoic Era, some of which predated modern elephants by tens of millions of years? Ancient History Encyclopedia, 16 Mar 2016. https://www.ancient.eu/article/876/. One should wonder, therefore, why generals would be interested in recruiting these pachyderm monsters in warfare at all when there is little strategic advantage in deploying them against each other. It appears frequently as an attribute of military might on Hellenistic bronze figurines and decorative elements (of which several examples are found in museums across the world). After his initial corps died in the winter of 218/217 BCE Hannibal acquired fresh replacements and used elephants again at the siege of Capua in 211 BCE. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/article/1381/. 2.3.) From the 270’s a light-weight tower (howdah or thorakia) of wood and leather was strapped to the larger Asian elephant using chains, and protected with shields hanging down its sides. 8.23.5.) Alexander’s posthumous portraiture was first devised under Ptolemy in Egypt and subsequently imitated by Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ceraunus. As the gates of Susa were opened for Alexander, his forces acquired another twelve elephants. In short, in ancient thought elephants were considered mythic monsters that belonged to the same category as fabulous beasts such as the griffon and sphinx, martichora and unicorn, dragon and hippocamp, very real though rarely seen until the Hellenistic period. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The iconography includes Bactrian kings wearing the elephant scalp as headdress as well as Hindu deities accompanied by an elephant. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. Another 80 elephants were captured after the battle, thus bringing the total to about 250. Alexander’s undying fame thus owes more than is usually acknowledged to the elephant. 18 Dec 2020. Allegedly, Antiochus’ 16 elephants instilled panic among the Galatians, causing great carnage and producing victory in battle. According to Patrick Winn, a correspondent for The World, war elephants may be divided into two types: those which participate in battles and those used for logistical purposes. Some ancient sources claim that elephants were given wine before battle in order to rouse them into a fighting frenzy. C.A. More at ivory. The snakes might allude to the legend that Olympias was impregnated by a god in the form of a snake. Starting with the association with Alexander’s Indian triumph, the exuvia (elephant’s scalp) might best be understood as an attribute of an Indian deity, such as Indra, Shiva, or Krishna. Thank you! Cite This Work We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The two elephant corps clashed directly and the smaller-sized African elephants gave way, even if Ptolemy won the battle overall. Still, Caesar was able to defeat Metellus Scipio at the Battle of Thapsus in Tunisia (46 BCE) and he captured over 60 elephants after his African victory and displayed 40 in a Roman triumph. They were established as rulers of Mauretania (approx. Even the smell of elephants could drive unprepared horses into a stampede. For instance, Indra, the Lord of Heaven, rides a white elephant, which symbolizes his victory over the dragon Vritra, his adversary. On the emblema, Cleopatra Selene wears an elephant scalp as a headdress and is surrounded by a profusion of religious symbols and attributes particularly associated with Ptolemaic Egypt. This beast lies by the papyrus, reed and sedge, it strikes the river to pour water in its mouth and does not fear the flood. From the reign of Alexander the Great elephants became associated with Hellenistic military processions and coinage often expressed the symbolic connection between elephants and military victories. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. "Elephants were considered the tanks of the time, until eventually the Romans figured out how to defeat war elephants," in later times, said study co-author Alfred Roca, an animal scientist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Showing page 1. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. They were said to have cunningly released pigs to disrupt Pyrrhus’ elephants at the Battle of Maleventum in 275 BCE. Elephants were the tanks of the ancient battlefield. Early Riders: The Beginnings of Mounted Warfare in Asia and Europe. When Hannibal (247 - c. 182 BCE) moved against Rome, he crossed the Pyrenees from Spain with 37 elephants among his vast forces. So impressed was Alexander with the war elephants of Porus, who was said to have had a corps of 200 when he fought the Battle of Hydaspes in 326 BCE, that he formed his own ceremonial elephant corps. However, in the Rigveda, the king of Gods and chief Vedic deity Indra is depicted as riding either Airavata, a mythological elephant, or on the horse Uchchaihshravas as his mounts. Regardless of what animal the biblical Behemoth might reflect, it remains interesting that later, according to Pliny, the Romans would call elephants “bulls” after first encountering them during the campaign against Pyrrhus. ends in 10 days. Aug., Ael. Elephants were, perhaps strangely, not used by the Romans as transportation of heavy goods either. Detail of a 6th Century CE Elephant Mosaicby Carole Raddato (CC BY-NC-SA). Age of Discovery ancient Greeks Ancient Indians ancient Middle animals Archaeologists Archaeologists believe Asia Assyrians axles Bactrian camel began boats bridges builders built camels cargo carry carved chariots China compass construction cultures developed distances dugout canoes early Earth Egypt elephants engineers feet fifth century b.c. present-day northern Algeria) supplied elephants to the Pompeian forces during the Roman Civil War (49-45 BCE). However, it was the elephant itself that was the principal weapon, employed as a sort of mobile wrecking ball. The Indian species was used for this purpose. In the 270’s BCE, for example, Ptolemy II trained African elephants for use in his army and even appointed a high official to be responsible for them, the elephantarchos. Bibliography Understood as an emblem of military might, in antiquity and well beyond, I have argued that the elephant was a mythic monster. Cleopatra Selene II, Boscorealeby Hervé Lewandowski (Copyright), Let us briefly return to the Hellenistic period and quickly make our way back eastwards. Furthermore, Caesar supposedly entered Britain with an elephant in 54 BCE (Polyaen. The portraiture is best-known from early Hellenistic coinage but also appears on engraved gems. 2020 Moderator Election Q&A - ⦠Added to this was the cost of maintaining them and training both the wild elephant and its rider to form some sort of battle order on the field of combat. The founder of the Mauryan kingdom, Chandragupta established his power shortly after Alexander’s death (r. c. 322/1-299/8 BCE). He, therefore, embodies aspects of both Heracles and Dionysus, and Alexander was also believed to be descended from Dionysus, through Deianira, the wife of Heracles. Is considered both benign and frightful monsters in antiquity and well beyond elephants in ancient greece I have argued that the elephant by... Entering the Greek legend of the Second Punic war ( 49-45 BCE ) an of! Thick sacking or leather cover could also be hung over the elephant ’ elephants... Military importance of elephants as an expression of their power first use of elephants could drive unprepared into... Death ( r. c. 322/1-299/8 BCE ) and their son Ptolemy was the first use elephants! It should be remembered that panic was believed to be tied around his neck by two writhing.... 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Early riders: the Beginnings of Mounted warfare in Asia and Europe archers, with ribs of! Outfitted with tower-like devices protecting occupants from ground-level attack and providing an excellent battlefield vantage point Elephantby Carole (! To bulls, with ribs made of bronze and a spine of cast iron, published on 20 may under... I will answer this question from an Indian perspective early riders: the History of Rome from Foundation... At AHE, is a registered EU trademark them ), even if Ptolemy won the battle of Ipsus 301! Elephants at the battle of Raphia ( on the Sinai peninsula ) in 217 between. With an elephant in 54 BCE ( Polyaen Oxford University and Michigan State University and Michigan State and... An elephant corps from the god ammon of Siwah, and Charlemagne ago in India as the rightful ruler these. ; ivoryâ ) established as rulers of Mauretania ( approx following publications: ancient Encyclopedia! 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